Analysis Of The Film Farewell My Concubine Essay

Analysis Of The Film Farewell My Concubine - Essay Example The film starts by illustrating how two men, Xiaolou and Dieyi started their professional careers in â€Å"Peking Opera†. The two men used to perform as in masculine and feminine roles. Xiahou's appeared as a man on stage while Dieyi as the woman. The flashback in the film from the stage performance to the Warlords’ era reflects how the two men met and spent the hardships of the time together (Metalluk 2004, IMDb 2011). This melodramatic film portrays the shaping of gender identity under the barriers imposed by the culture and traditions. Many writers and commentators have commented their point of view on the identity performance and development in Farewell My Concubine; however, they failed to comment on the cross-cultural impact and attraction of the film (Cheshire 1992, Tiessier 1993). Moreover, the writers have focused to the anecdotal extent only while explaining the differences related culture, society and sex. Farewell My Concubine has a significant cultural iden tity attached to it. The story of the film covers the Chinese era from 1927 to 1977, which is a combination of warlords’ domination era, invading of Japanese Empire and the revolution in China in terms of culture. The film promotes and develops a particular cultural identity (Bergeson 1997). Apart from this, the film also presents a special kind of masculine feature which is presented as a male-dominated by extreme feminine characteristics. This identity is presented in the role played by Leslie Cheung as â€Å"Dieyi† which is the main character of the film; Concubine. Along with a depressing story of homosexual affection related to identities of masculinity and femininity, the film also presents a tensed situation with respect to the feminine desires as expressed by Dieyi. The film portrays an interesting and complex masculine identity which offers its viewers to observe the differentiating line between masculinity and femininity. Chinese cultural norms do not allow f emales to take part in Opera and henceforth, Dieyi being a man is forced to play the role of a woman along with Xiaolou. This role cum gender conflict is resolved as Dieyi decides to submit his wills and wishes for what is being demanded of him. After adopting the feminine gender on stage, Dieyi finds that he no more wants his masculinity back and learns to admit that â€Å"I am by nature a girl.† Performing along with his counterpart Xiaolou, the friendship relationship between the two turns into a romantic relationship in which Dieyi is seen to be more involved (Bergeson 1997, Metalluk 2004). Concubine’s identity performance is a fascinating seducing role apart from the original character of Dieyi. After Dieyi, the other Concubine which is revealed is in the form of Xiao Si, who is Dieyi’s son. The way in which the film presents femininity through the â€Å"mask of femininity†, allows the emotions of the characters to go beyond their respective roles. T he â€Å"mask of femininity† is in fact presented as incarnating the sexual desire. Beyond the construction of femininity on the social frame of reference, the film’s masking technique displays how femininity is desired more when it is subject to an artificial image.

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay To begin with I would like to briefly what the dictionary defines as existentialism. A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will(merriam-webster). It is a a 20thcentury philosophical movement that places the main emphasis on the existence of humans. Existentialism calls attention to freedom of action and freedom of choice. According to this theory one is always free to act in any way he or she wills and should not consider others actions, thoughts or views in doing so. Since every person in considered to bought into the world alone and thena gain die alone they are not expected to be courteous or considerate to the people around them. Esentially we are all responsible for our own existence. However existentialism is so vague in its definition because it is viewed so differently by so many people. Not just scholars but those who study the term as well. The fathers of existentialism are said to be; Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, although the phenomenological version of it begins in Heidegger,who vehemently denied being an existentialist, Sartre, and continues through Kafka and Camus. Since most existentialist thinkers never used that word to describe their philosophies,Sartre did, but purportedly rejected the term on his deathbed, you will find some differences between them However existentialism and those who live it tend to have certain characteristics according to most scholars:  ¦they are obsessed with how to live ones life and believe that philosophical and psychological inquiry can help. ¦they believe there are certain questions that everyone must deal with (if they are to take human life seriously), and that these are special existential questions. Questions such as death, the meaning of human existence, the place of God in human existence, the meaning of value, interpersonal relationship, the place of self-reflective conscious knowledge of ones self in existing. Note that the existentialists on this characterization dont pay much attention to social questions such as the politics of life and what social responsibility the society or state has. They focus almost exclusively on the individual.  ¦By and large Existentialists believe that life is very difficult and that it doesnt have an objective or universally known value, but that the individual must create value by affiriming it and living it, not by talking about it.  ¦Existential choices and values are primarily demonstrated in ACT not in words.  ¦Given that one is focusing on individual existence and the existential struggles (that is, in making decisions that are meaningful in everyday life), they often find that literary characterizations rather than more abstract philosophical thinking, are the best ways to elucidate existential struggles.  ¦They tend to take freedom of the will, the human power to do or not do, as absolutely obvious. Now and again there are arguments for free will in Existentialist literature, but even in these arguments, one gets the distinct sense that the arguments are not for themselves, but for outsiders. Inside the movement, free will is axiomatic, it is intuitively obvious, it is the backdrop of all else that goes on. There are certainly exceptions to each of these things, but this is sort of a placing of the existentialist-like positions. (Corbett,1985). Existenitialism focuses on several principles , however there are three major ones; Subjectivity, Anguish, and Forlornness. Subjectivity is the first principle of Existentialism. Subjectivity means the name we are given when charges are brought up against us. This idea that we are born with a plan in mind. It is what we will make for ourselves for our future. You never know where your life is going to take you . Angusish is the feeling that Satre made reference to when we realize that we are totally reponsible for not only our own existence but all of mankind. When we speak of forlornness, a term Heidegger seemed to use often , we mean only that God does not exist and that we,ust face the consquence of that reality, that God is not responsible for our existence but we are The feeling of forlornness stems from an individuals realization that people are alone in the world, unable to rely on anything absolutely or anyone. Though these three are the major principles I I personally value the idea of authenticity that existentialism seems to focus on. It fits perfectly in modern society It allows the idea that being true to ones character, personality, and choices is required to be authentic Modern day society has created cookie cutter facades that has us all boxed into roles and classifications. Which is why most modern day philosophers tend to view traditional and academic ideologies as too abstract or remote for current society. I sometimes think its not the theories that are remote but the uppitiness of the ivory tower in its presentation that makes them seem too difficult to master. However to me its like the 2+2 theory, that the origins of philosophical thought must stem from human experience. Another answer is that the authentic attitude is very simple. It strips away the complications of people telling you how to live and what to do and who you should be. Its appealing to those surrounded or overwhelmed by the cacophony of voices in todays society, especially to young people. It is the expression of freedom in a world of constraints. Again, Sartre might have rejected some of this as being not what he meant by authenticity. But really the point is that these attitudes are popular. I think I should go back to the beginning again. What does authenticity mean? Perhaps, for the authentic person, ones moral appearance is at all times in all places and in all respects ones moral reality. The authentic person lives according to her own moral standards, does not pretend to be something she is not, does not create the apppearance of morality but in their heart be privately dissolute. This, to me, is the most appealing definition of authenticity. When it comes to defining truth, Existentialism has couple of points. To begin with, â€Å"truth† is defined by a person individual life experiences. Their reality and experiences influences their ultimate view on the world. It is considered that to view of the world is already the truth and in their world it is. This is because in Existentialism truth is something that is based on facts and not on emotions. Though, the truth can be used in a good way or bad way, so to say acting in good or bad faith. Thus, in the concept of truth it is once again pointed out that every individual has a freedom of choice. It is interesting that Existentialism considers an act to be good and something to be true if it is performed in a way that the entire human race would be represented. This seems to be enough to attest an act as a moral one. Modern existentialism seems to show up often in films. One must not confuse Existentialism and Post Modernism though. Key ideas include 1. Retaining authenticity in a mechanical, apathetic world is dejected. because autencitiy relates to a reality that simply does not exist. 2. The feelings of alienation and loneliness that come about from being unique in a world of many, and the consiciousness of death. 3. Everydayness Referemces 1. Corbett B. , 1985, What is Existentialism? Retrieved december 21,2012 from http://www2. webster. edu/~corbetre/philosophy/existentialism/whatis. html .

Constructivist Curriculum Framework for Maths and Science

Constructivist Curriculum Framework for Maths and Science Through investigating his world, a child uses natural curiosity to formulate theories and construct knowledge. Incorporating big ideas into the curriculum, teachers can engage children as they develop a deeper understanding of concepts that are related (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Further supporting childrens learning, assessments are crucial in formulating instruction, and understanding what a child knows and can do. A culmination of the aforementioned strategies will be discussed, in relation to the constructivist learning theory. Constructivism Theory Constructivism learning theory is a philosophy which enhances students rational and conceptual growth. The basic premise within constructivism, is the function experiences, or connections, play in a childs learning. In an attempt to understand his world, a child reflects on his experiences to build new knowledge (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). A child is an active participant in creating knowledge. When he encounters something new, he reconciles it with previous ideas, abandons irrelevant information, and generates new knowledge. Constructivism does not dismiss the crucial role teachers play in facilitating learning. Teachers are instrumental in creating the learning environment, as well as opportunities for theory-building through utilizing big ideas (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Through the guidance of an expert, a child is encouraged to learn at a higher level. Theory-Building in Young Children The constructivists approach views children with a natural desire to understand his or her world. To comprehend, a child develops theories, explores the theories, and constructs new knowledge based on the results and what he already knows While teaching a unit on animals, students became particularly interested in penguins, and why they have wings but do not fly. The teacher decides to allow the children to further explore penguins as part of a research unit. The children discover that penguins use their wings to swim, and are excellent swimmers. This discovery prompted some students to develop a theory that all animals with wings are good swimmers. The teacher schedules a tour to the local zoo to observe several winged animals; some of which who swim, and some who do not. During the visit, students had several questions about specific animals, and began to understand that not all animals who have wings can swim. The children initially believed all animals with wings can fly. After l earning that penguins have wings, but use them to swim, the students understood that not all animals with wings can fly. They then adjust their thinking again to believe all animals with wings can swim. Through this process of theory-building, the students constructed new knowledge about winged animals. Big Ideas in Instruction Building on topics that interest children, big ideas provide structure that promote further learning (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Utilizing big ideas, children develop a curiosity about concepts, and are better able to make sense of otherwise isolated facts. Learning concepts that are connected to an overarching idea, support more comprehensive understanding (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). A big idea that can be used in the early childhood classroom, is the big idea relationships. Engaging students through the study of community helpers, and how they can help them, could encompass various areas of the curriculum. Music can be incorporated as songs are sung about various community helper jobs. Exploring community helper vehicles, students would have the opportunity to sort small toy vehicles according to characteristics, or finger paint a picture of the vehicles. These activities promote fine motor skills. An art component can also be integrated, as children draw, or finger paint pictures of the vehicle that are used to help the community. Playing various helpers jobs, could create opportunities for children to explore and discover how various tools are used to perform the jobs. This can also invite discussion about the exchange of goods or services. Through play, children will interact with each other and the environment, developing interest in the big ideas that frame them (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Music and movement can be incorporated as children sing songs about the helpers, and pretend to do each job. Assessing Math and Science Assessments should support a childs learning of math and science concepts. Appropriate assessment methods are vital to evaluating what a child has learned, and forming future instruction. When assessing young childrens conceptual development in math and science, educators must consider the course of development for each child, as well as his or her culture and background (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Evaluation of the skills learned by young children must rely upon practices that fit expected learning skills and behavior for their stage, and adjust as appropriate to support growth and development. Posing specific open-ended questions, assessments should be conducted in various settings, including whole group, and one on one situations to acquire an actual picture of the childs comprehension of concepts (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Assessment Guides Instruction The overall objective of assessments, is to assist teachers in making appropriate instructional decisions regarding how to best teach children. Each childs learning should be assessed as part of an ongoing cycle of planning, documenting, and evaluation. Following, or during instruction, an assessment is conducted and analyzed to formulate decisions to re-teach, offer further support, or proceed with the current plan (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Assessment Documentation Documentation includes, gathering and analyzing information about childrens knowledge and is vital to the process of assessing childrens learning. Through various types of documentation, evidence of a childs though process is preserved to support the teachers analysis (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Two forms of documentation that support assessments are, recording comments of children as they work and, compiling a book of childrens illustrations (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Recording children, and their conversation while working, provides significant information regarding the learning and thought process. As children are encouraged to make representations of their learning, and provided with the tools necessary, they can represent their understanding of a concept (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). The finished product can be compiled into a class book and serve as documentation of their learning. Both methods are useful when discussing progress with the child, or with families. Interviewing for Assessment Consisting of four main parts, the flexible interview allows the child to manipulate materials as he or she explains their thought process (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). This method gives the teacher insight into the childs thinking Conducting an interview is an effective tool to assess childrens understanding of math and science concepts. Interviewing gathers valuable information that will aid the teacher in understanding the childs thinking, and plan effective lessons that meet the needs of each child (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Conclusion The constructivist approach focuses on a child constructing learning based on his experiences. Because of his desire to comprehend the world, a child will build and apply theories to develop understanding, resulting in the formation of new learning. The teacher can aid children in learning at a higher level, by implementing big ideas in the curriculum. Assessments are also instrumental in promoting a childs learning. Assessments in math and science can inform a teacher about what the child knows and can do. In the absence of assessments, teaching would be comprised of lessons and activities that move forward, whether they make sense, or a child understands or not. Through assessment, and documentation, instruction is formulated to meet the needs of all children. References Chaillà ©, C., Davis, S. M. (2016). Integrating math and science in early childhood classrooms through big ideas: A constructivist approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Through investigating his world, a child uses natural curiosity to formulate theories and construct knowledge. Incorporating big ideas into the curriculum, teachers can engage children as they develop a deeper understanding of concepts that are related (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Further supporting childrens learning, assessments are crucial in formulating instruction, and understanding what a child knows and can do. A culmination of the aforementioned strategies will be discussed, in relation to the constructivist learning theory. Constructivism Theory Constructivism learning theory is a philosophy which enhances students rational and conceptual growth. The basic premise within constructivism, is the function experiences, or connections, play in a childs learning. In an attempt to understand his world, a child reflects on his experiences to build new knowledge (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). A child is an active participant in creating knowledge. When he encounters something new, he reconciles it with previous ideas, abandons irrelevant information, and generates new knowledge. Constructivism does not dismiss the crucial role teachers play in facilitating learning. Teachers are instrumental in creating the learning environment, as well as opportunities for theory-building through utilizing big ideas (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Through the guidance of an expert, a child is encouraged to learn at a higher level. Theory-Building in Young Children The constructivists approach views children with a natural desire to understand his or her world. To comprehend, a child develops theories, explores the theories, and constructs new knowledge based on the results and what he already knows While teaching a unit on animals, students became particularly interested in penguins, and why they have wings but do not fly. The teacher decides to allow the children to further explore penguins as part of a research unit. The children discover that penguins use their wings to swim, and are excellent swimmers. This discovery prompted some students to develop a theory that all animals with wings are good swimmers. The teacher schedules a tour to the local zoo to observe several winged animals; some of which who swim, and some who do not. During the visit, students had several questions about specific animals, and began to understand that not all animals who have wings can swim. The children initially believed all animals with wings can fly. After l earning that penguins have wings, but use them to swim, the students understood that not all animals with wings can fly. They then adjust their thinking again to believe all animals with wings can swim. Through this process of theory-building, the students constructed new knowledge about winged animals. Big Ideas in Instruction Building on topics that interest children, big ideas provide structure that promote further learning (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Utilizing big ideas, children develop a curiosity about concepts, and are better able to make sense of otherwise isolated facts. Learning concepts that are connected to an overarching idea, support more comprehensive understanding (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). A big idea that can be used in the early childhood classroom, is the big idea relationships. Engaging students through the study of community helpers, and how they can help them, could encompass various areas of the curriculum. Music can be incorporated as songs are sung about various community helper jobs. Exploring community helper vehicles, students would have the opportunity to sort small toy vehicles according to characteristics, or finger paint a picture of the vehicles. These activities promote fine motor skills. An art component can also be integrated, as children draw, or finger paint pictures of the vehicle that are used to help the community. Playing various helpers jobs, could create opportunities for children to explore and discover how various tools are used to perform the jobs. This can also invite discussion about the exchange of goods or services. Through play, children will interact with each other and the environment, developing interest in the big ideas that frame them (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Music and movement can be incorporated as children sing songs about the helpers, and pretend to do each job. Assessing Math and Science Assessments should support a childs learning of math and science concepts. Appropriate assessment methods are vital to evaluating what a child has learned, and forming future instruction. When assessing young childrens conceptual development in math and science, educators must consider the course of development for each child, as well as his or her culture and background (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Evaluation of the skills learned by young children must rely upon practices that fit expected learning skills and behavior for their stage, and adjust as appropriate to support growth and development. Posing specific open-ended questions, assessments should be conducted in various settings, including whole group, and one on one situations to acquire an actual picture of the childs comprehension of concepts (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Assessment Guides Instruction The overall objective of assessments, is to assist teachers in making appropriate instructional decisions regarding how to best teach children. Each childs learning should be assessed as part of an ongoing cycle of planning, documenting, and evaluation. Following, or during instruction, an assessment is conducted and analyzed to formulate decisions to re-teach, offer further support, or proceed with the current plan (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Assessment Documentation Documentation includes, gathering and analyzing information about childrens knowledge and is vital to the process of assessing childrens learning. Through various types of documentation, evidence of a childs though process is preserved to support the teachers analysis (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Two forms of documentation that support assessments are, recording comments of children as they work and, compiling a book of childrens illustrations (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Recording children, and their conversation while working, provides significant information regarding the learning and thought process. As children are encouraged to make representations of their learning, and provided with the tools necessary, they can represent their understanding of a concept (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). The finished product can be compiled into a class book and serve as documentation of their learning. Both methods are useful when discussing progress with the child, or with families. Interviewing for Assessment Consisting of four main parts, the flexible interview allows the child to manipulate materials as he or she explains their thought process (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). This method gives the teacher insight into the childs thinking Conducting an interview is an effective tool to assess childrens understanding of math and science concepts. Interviewing gathers valuable information that will aid the teacher in understanding the childs thinking, and plan effective lessons that meet the needs of each child (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Conclusion The constructivist approach focuses on a child constructing learning based on his experiences. Because of his desire to comprehend the world, a child will build and apply theories to develop understanding, resulting in the formation of new learning. The teacher can aid children in learning at a higher level, by implementing big ideas in the curriculum. Assessments are also instrumental in promoting a childs learning. Assessments in math and science can inform a teacher about what the child knows and can do. In the absence of assessments, teaching would be comprised of lessons and activities that move forward, whether they make sense, or a child understands or not. Through assessment, and documentation, instruction is formulated to meet the needs of all children. References Chaillà ©, C., Davis, S. M. (2016). Integrating math and science in early childhood classrooms through big ideas: A constructivist approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Cuando Cae La Noche :: essays research papers

" De quà © hablamos cuando hablamos de amor ", de Raymond Carver, 157 pà ¡ginas, Editorial Anagrama. Cuando cae la noche. " Todas las narraciones, sean narraciones de hechos reales o de hechos imaginarios, parten de una estructura bà ¡sica, de una estructutura profunda, de puesta en intriga, que algunos llaman fà ¡bula, que presenta una normalidad o equilibrio que se ve alterado, lo cual da inicio a una crisis, el desarrollo de la crisis y la restitucià ³n de ese equlibrio ".Al leer el libro de Carver " De quà © hablamos cuando hablamos de amor ", tal vez el lector se cuestione si estas afirmaciones son correctas.Los cuentos de Carver, podrà ­an considerarse como una excepcià ³n a lo anteriormente dicho, ya que algunos comienzan con una crisis, otros presentan una normalidad, una crisis y el desarrollo de esa crisis, pero no una restitucià ³n de el equilibrio; por eso al leer Carver, el lector debe considerar que no se va a encontrar con la narrativa normal, a la que tal vez, està © acostumbrado. En el cuento que da titulo al libro " De que hablamos...", se nos presenta a dos parejas que discuten sobre lo que es el amor para cada uno de ellos.Los personajes principales son: Mel McGinnis, su segunda esposa Teresa ( a la que llamaban Terri ), Nick ( el narrador de la historia ) y su esposa Laura; Mel es cardià ³logo y Laura es secretaria juridica.El espacio fà ­sico donde se va a desarrollar la accià ³n, es la cocina de la casa de Mel; este es un marco fijo que no posee transformaciones a lo largo de la historia. Uno de los aspectos mà ¡s interesantes que se pueden encontrar en el cuento es el juego de luces que realiza el autor y que reflejan el estado de à ¡nimo de los personajes.Al comenzar la historia Nick ( el narrador ), dice: " El sol, que entraba por el ventanal de detrà ¡s del fregadero, inundaba la cocina.".Esto da al lector una sensacià ³n de luminosidad y se le presenta la conversacià ³n como "normal".Ahora bien, a medida que el relato avanza y el alcohol circula, la noche va envolviendo todo con su negro manto y la conversacià ³n se va tornando cada vez mà ¡s sombrà ­a y saca a relucir otros aspectos de los personajes como la depresià ³n y el alcoholismo. Aunque no todas la historias de Carver son en primera persona la mayorà ­a de ellas si lo son.Este uso de la primera persona permite a Carver hacer emerger la importancia de la percepcià ³n individual.

Science Boon or Bane

Gone is the age of steam. We are now in the age of hydrogen bombs and electricity. The most fantastic dreams of H. G. Wells in his novel Dream have come true. Thus, in this space age, where the wonders of science excel the wonders of nature, science affects our day-to-day life. Science has surpassed the old miracles of mythology and yesterday's faith has proved to be today's superstition in the crucibles of science. Science is a wonderful gift presented to humans. With science, we can create a small matchstick to a huge rocket. Science answers to many of our  questions.Everything around us is just because of science. Internet has given undreamed access to learners. Also science has always helped us to come out from the jaws of death. Nowadays medical techonology is so improved that we can cure illness in the finest part of the body without having any physical contact with it. Their is no field where science has not developed and helped us to make our life's easier. Even agriculture is now depend on science . Robots now do man's chores. Mobile phones, computers have allowed us to reach in  any part the world at any time.Where we need 100's of pages to write a data , it can be now saved in a small chip which we can carry everywhere. Because of all these things science is like a boon to mankind. But it is humans irrational thoughts turn the gifts of science into banes. It is said that science is a good servant but a bad master. When we regenerate energy from natural resources like wind, sun, water and other non biodegradable substances we feel proud but when the consequences lie on ozone layer depletion, radioactive radiation make us afraid.I think it's truly said that good and evil are two sides of a same coin as on one side it has made our life comfortable and easy and also we cannot ignore the other side that science made factories which led to pollution and made phones which causes our eyes irritations and made transport which led to air pollution science made electricity which leads to wastage of coals. So at first we need to restrict our greedy thoughts which may lead to destruction of our planet. If we are able to do that then science will remain as a boon always for mankind.

Compare the difference in gender roles and socialization processes in relation to the Smith family

The purpose of this assignment is to compare the difference in gender roles and socialization processes in relation to the Smith family. It will give a brief explanation of gender roles and socialization and will take into account the situation of Jane and David and it will also look at the thoughts of Jane's eighteen-year-old daughter Katherine. Gender roles are said to originate from birth with the classification of sex. As in all systems of ascription, even though most people believe that sex role behaviour flows naturally, from biological or inborn differences, societies do not leave that development to choice or possibility. Instead, from the earliest years, before they can understand a word, infants are told what their sexual identity is, and are praised for any behavioural evidence of appropriate activity. Adults will describe an infant as having ideal female traits, if told it's a girl (sweet, cute, charming) and as having ideal male traits if told it's a boy (strong, destructive, rebellious). What begins in infancy continues through the years. For generations girls have been praised for their maternal behaviour with dolls, and boys were told they were sissies if they showed the same behaviour. The family, second edition, page 75). According to Connell in introduction to sociology Talcott Parsons argues that the biological facts of sex and reproduction limit the sex gender roles available to males and females. In other words females social roles are mainly to produce and bring up children while males are to provide the main resources of survival. Connell disagrees and believes that sexuality as well as gender is formed by social influences and personal choice. (Introduction to sociology, page 187). Ann Oakley argues that gender roles are cultural rather than biological; humans learn the behaviour that is expected of males and females within their society. (Sociology themes and perspectives page 589) Gender behaviour is first learnt through primary or basic socialization within the family and is reinforced later in almost every area of social life for example, at school and at work. Socialization refers to the various ways in which a child learns to act in a way acceptable to a given society. Oakley argues that as a young baby grows, they are socialized into their different gender roles through their contact with different people and institutions. By the age of sixteen the majority of young men and women have been socialized into a belief of male dominance, even though the forces of disagreement to this attitude are stronger than they were and patterns of socialization based on gender equality occur more frequently. (Introduction to sociology page 184-194) Socialization is the process by which human behaviour is formed through experiences in social situations. Through socialization the individual learns the values, norms and thinking of a given society. Cooley (1864-1929) distinguished two types of socialization: primary and secondary. The two forms of socialization are defined partly in terms of the particular groups or agencies in which they take place. Primary groups are small they entail face-to-face relationship and allow the individual to express the whole self; the family, peer groups and close friends are all primary groups. Within these groups the individual learns, by personal experiences the primary values such as love, loyalty, justice, and sharing. Freud emphasised that the first few years of a person life, those commonly spent among primary groups are the most significant in forming the structure of his or her behaviour. Secondary groups are large, more important, more properly structured, and exist for particular purposes. Secondary socialization involves learning how to organise and conduct oneself in formal contexts and how to behave towards people who have different degrees of position or authority. (Introduction to sociology page 3) Thompson, N (2001) states that the pressure to match to sex-appropriate roles within the patriarchal family is both a major part of the socialisation process and a significant aspect of sexism. Patriarchal beliefs promote the traditional model of the family, with the male breadwinner being the main provider, head of the household and defender of his territory, the wife and mother as nurturer and carer and their dependent children whom they socialise into following in the footsteps of the appropriate role model, boys like daddy and girls like mummy. Anti discriminatory practice page 42) Jane feels that she is responsible for looking after her father. Pilcher (1995) cites Finch's evidence that women provide the great majority of personal care to relatives and that the parent to child relationship is the most important source of support after the spouse relationship. Children, mainly daughters, are a major source of support for elderly parents. (Age and Generation in Modern Britain page123). These feelings Jane is experiencing are possibly due to the behaviour she learned through her own socialisation within her family, For example, Jane believes that her mother would have expected her to look after her father, therefore she would live up to her mothers expectations if she takes on the responsibility of carer to her father and secondly, her experience of growing up as a female was that women were responsible for household and domestic tasks. Ann Oakley believes that males and females are exposed to different activities through out childhood for example; girls are mainly encouraged to become involved in domestic tasks. (Sociology themes and perspectives page 590) This would explain Jane's behaviour in her own house as she does most of the household chores, even though Jane and her husband equally work full time. David thinks that his father should go and live with him and his partner, he hasn't asked his partner yet how she feels about this. David may feel through his own socialization that it is his duty as the son in the family to take control of the situation. David is hoping that his wife will be willing to give up her part time job to look after his father, â€Å"Women in this society are generally the hands-on caregivers, (typically the eldest daughter or daughter-in-law) (AARP Magazine) David hasn't mentioned giving up his job, this could be Patriarchal gender through socialisation, David thinking he is the man of the house and the main bread winner and has authority over his wife's say. His wife works part time and she is probably on low pay, to David her job may not be important as it is a second wage, maybe financially it would be better for her to give up her job, but he isn't thinking how his wife would feel about doing this. (Anti discriminatory practice page 42-43). Jane's eighteen-year-old daughter Katherine has concerns about her mother. This could be down to changes and different expectation through generations. The fact that, Katherine is in higher education suggest that her prospects and opportunities are higher than that of her mothers. Women are beginning to change their attitudes in the direction of greater approval of more equal gender behaviour, and as a result a more equal sharing of housework. In addition, as a clear indication of the future, younger women, women with more education and wife's with better educated husbands were more likely to move towards independent gender attitudes. The family 133-135) In conclusion, the guilt Jane is experiencing and David's thoughts in deciding how to care for his farther is common and is a product of societies expectations. David and Jane haven't really giving any thought to the situation or consequences of their father. They are both acting on what they think would be expected of them by their mother and through their socialisation, that is to look after their father. Neither of them has taking the thoughts of their father into consideration, although Michael is getting very forgetful, he still has right to choice, maybe Michael wont want to live with them or wont want them to look after him, Michael if possible, might want to stay in his own home. Jane and David cant and shouldn't really try to make any decisions without firstly getting an assessment done on their father, this should happen once they get in contact with the social worker, and secondly they should also both speak to their family to find out how they feel about the situation, after all what decisions are made involves them as well.

A Beginners Guide to Delphi

A Beginners Guide to Delphi Our  Delphi Programming site proudly presents free online programming courses for (beginner) Delphi developers! Quick Launch Turbo Delphi Tutorial: For Novice and Non-ProgrammersThis series of tutorials is oriented to those who want to take their chance in the world of software development, it is designed to teach the complete beginner (read: non-programmer) how to become a programmer using Delphi.Delphi for BeginnersThis free online course is perfect for beginner developers as well as for those who want a broad overview of the art of programming Win32 applications with Borland Delphi. Focus on Delphi 6.Delphi Database Programming. You can take this as an Email CourseDevelopers will learn how to design, develop and test a database application using ADO with Delphi. This course focuses on the most common uses of ADO in a Delphi application: Connecting to a database using TADOConnection, work with Tables and Queries, handle database exception, create reports, etc.Learning Object Oriented Programming with DelphiExplore the true power of Delphi OOP: learn how to create your own classes, instantiate objects at runtime, use association, composition and other OOP topics. Using the TDBGrid componentContrary to most other Delphi data-aware controls, the DBGrid component has many nice features and is more powerful than you would have thought. The standard DBGrid does its job of displaying and manipulating records from a dataset in a tabular grid. However, there are many ways (and reasons) why you should consider customizing the look and feel of a DBGrid...Creating Custom ComponentsEverything about creating custom controls and components in Delphi. The ultimate source. From tutorials for starters to more advanced materials.Introduction to COM ProgrammingCOM stands for Component Object Model. It allows you to create COM objects that are not specific to any language, and in some cases, even platforms. For instance, COM objects can be ported to a Unix system. COM also allows you to create COM Objects that will be instantiated on a different machine across the world if you so desired.(Fast Forward to) Delphi for .NETHeres a series of articles designed with o ne goal in mind: to provide a quick and dirty introduction to the world of .NET programming with Delphi. If you are looking for what you need to know about Delphi for .NET - search no further! ASP.NET Web ProgrammingDevelopers will learn how to design, develop and debug ASP.Net web application using Borland Delphi for .Net. The chapters will cover the fundamental elements of creating Web applications (working with Web Forms, Web Services, and User Controls) using Delphi, including the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and the Delphi for .Net language.Windows API (no VCL) SeriesThis free online course is perfect for intermediate Delphi developers as well as for those who want a broad overview of the art of Windows API programming with Borland Delphi.

effects of govt. on poland essays

effects of govt. on poland essays The government, whether we think about it or not, plays a very significant role in all of our lives regardless of our ethnic background. Though there are many differing forms of government, they affect our lives in the same way. Changes in how the government works slowly begin to effect how we carry out our daily actions and over time an entire culture can be changed. For this reason, I chose to take a critical look at how the change of government in Poland from Communism to Democracy affected their culture. In order to do this, I had to examine communism and its creators. I had to find out what happened to cause communism to take power in Poland and why it eventually crumbled. First, I looked at what communism was all about. Communism began in the early 19th century in response to the problematic beginnings of modern capitalism (Bottomore 11). At that time communism was the basis for many political settlements, most of which eventually failed. The concept itself was created by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, the concept, though, proved only to be effective in theory. Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in a place called Trier, in Prussia. His parents were of Jewish descent, however they did not practice Judaism (Payne 17). In 1824, Karl's father adopted Protestantism. Marx attended the university of Bonn and later the university at Berlin, where he studied in law, while majoring in history and philosophy. Marx eventually married his childhood friend Jenny von Westphalen, in 1843 (Payne 27). After his education, Marx began to associate himself with a group of people who were known for having revolutionary ideas. In 1842 Marx was asked to contribute to the Rheinische Zeitung, a German paper, in Colog ne (Payne 83). At the time Marx started, the paper had only 400 subscribers. Shortly after Marx became editor-in-chief and decided to move from Bonn to Cologne. As the paper became more and more revolutionary and widely...

Should Stonecipher have been forced to resign Essay

Should Stonecipher have been forced to resign - Essay Example Stonecipher himself told employees that any senior executive found violating the rules would be punished. Seemingly, the system works. Only his removal from the post would satisfy the principles he himself had created, as Stonecipher admitted in an interview, 'We set - hell, I set - a higher standard here. I violated my own standards. I used poor judgment.' (---------, 2005) It's a bizarre story under the circumstances. Was Boeing's CEO really ready to live up to the standards he was setting for his organization According to reports, the exact details of where his behavior violated the code of conduct are not publicly known. But as the architect of the initiative, he was as susceptible as anyone to its repercussions. Meanwhile, the PR industry has been under attack for allegedly unethical or ambiguous practices, particularly relating to a significant client base of its own - the US government, as well as local governments. If Boeing was trying to send a clear signal about ethics when it ousted CEO Harry Stonecipher, it failed. Though Boeing insists he wasn't axed for adultery, a lot of think the company was out to pin the scarlet letter on Harry before shipping him off to face his wife of 50 years. "It is all very clear and very simple," wrote Tom Simmerman, a Boeing worker in Fullerton, Calif. "How can a CEO ask his employees to show loyalty to the cause when he is unable to demonstrate loyalty to his own wife and family" (Litterick, 2005) Dozens of readers agreed -- with some detouring to question about his marriage and accuse him of "moral relativism." But is it so outrageous to suggest that the rules of Harry Stonecipher's marriage are between Mr. and Mrs. Stonecipher, and no concern of The Boeing Co Stonecipher had come out of retirement at the end of 2003 to replace Phil Condit when he resigned as chairman and chief executive. That was the first time Boeing's leader had not come from within the Boeing heritage part of the company. (Wallace, Pd. 1) On top of all this, the investigation determined the relationship was consensual and had no effect on the company's business. The investigation also determined that neither the career nor the compensation of the female executive was influenced by the relationship. I don't believe Stonecipher should have been forced to resign. A voluntarily handed over resignation is still understandable, but the breach of policy applies to all and applies equally. If lower staff can be given a second chance then the CEO can certainly be given another chance as well. Works Cited Wallace, James. BOEING: LOOKING FOR A REAL OUTSIDER (Business).Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Seattle, WA)(May 25, 2005):pD1. Litterick, David. Watch for the puff of white smoke from the Boeing boardroom.(City).Daily Telegraph (London, England)(April 16, 2005):pNA.FromCustom Newspapers ----------------. Boeing's big year.The Seattle Times (Seattle, Washington) (via Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News)(Dec 30,

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The author begins the article by introducing the opinion of some researchers and scientists regarding the role of physical activity in addressing obesity, which is a growing public health problem. It is explained here that exercise does help prevent obesity marginally and that the main issue that should be focused on is ‘unhealthy eating’. The author uses expert opinion, citing the British Journal of Sports Medicine, to give credibility to the argument. Counterpoints are used to show the difference between physical activity and unhealthy eating in terms of preventing obesity. The author appeals to the logic of the reader by demonstrating that physical activity is useless in preventing obesity if one continues with an unhealthy diet; for instance, he mentions that â€Å"while activity was a key part of staving off diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and dementia, its impact on obesity was minimal† (Triggle para 3), further stating that â€Å"excess sugar and carbohydrates were key† (Triggle para 4). Such appeal to logic is successful once backed up by expert knowledge. The second part of the article talks about how experts hold the food industry, as well as commercial ads, responsible for the growing misconception about the effectiveness of exercise in preventing obesity. The author appeals to the emotion of his readers by showing how the commercial and food industry has let the people down through misleading information and images. He uses imagery, through citing some common images like ‘Big Tobacco’, ‘junk food’, and ‘sugary drinks’, in order to make the appeal stronger. The statement of Dr. Aseem Malhotra, a cardiologist from London, is somewhat expressive: â€Å"An obese person does not need to do one iota of exercise to lose weight; they just need to eat less† (Triggle para 6). This statement makes one think how greatly people are deceived into thinking that physical activity alone can curb obesity. The call for misleading ads also

Dollar pegging and curreny basket Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Dollar pegging and curreny basket - Essay Example As the oil producing countries are getting more capital due to rising oil prices, people have more spending power and the relative commodity prices increase in the domestic economy. Table 1 shows the inflation rates in gulf countries over three different periods: 1980-81 (high inflation), 1986-2003 (low but volatile inflation) and 2006-07 ( current inflation situation). As chart 1 and Table 1 show falling dollar contributes to high oil prices that in turn lead to high inflation. On the other hand when the state of dollar is normal the oil prices remain average and hence the result is low inflation (Garriga and Armesto, â€Å"A Falling Dollar Raises Inflation in the Gulf†). After de-pegging from dollar, new exchange rate was governed by the basket of currencies that helped to stabilize the effect of depreciating dollar on the exchange rate of Kuwaiti Dinar in the world market. Due to this basket of currencies which included a good proportion of Euro allowed checking rising import rates due to depreciation of dollar against Euro. This further helped in controlling inflation which was rising due to increase in imports from European and exports to Asian countries. â€Å"Since 1980 the Bahraini dinar and the Qatar riyal have been pegged to US dollar at the rate of 0.37 per $ and 3.64 per $, respectively. Likewise, since the 1980s the Saudi riyal (1986) and UAE dirham (1981) are fixed at a rate of 3.75 per $ and 3.67 per $, respectively† (Hebous â€Å"On the Monetary Union of the Gulf States†). The exchange rate of a currency is determined by the â€Å"purchasing power parity†. For eg. If 10 gms of 24 carat gold can be bought with 1 USD and same amount of gold can be purchased with 4 Qatar riyal then 1$ equals to 4 Qatar riyal. This is how the exchange rate of every currency is determined in the world market (Saville â€Å"How are currency exchange rates determined†). â€Å"The value of a currency is usually determined by the demand for and supply of that currency.† For

Women's Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Work - Essay Example For an example how cultured a Romanian woman is depends on her personality and her attitude. She does not want to stagnate in the boredom of daily life, but is always trying out new things, learning about new ideas and acquiring new information to augment her knowledge. (Halsall, 1998) A cultural woman will never forget who she really is. The three main roles a women plays in her whole life time is of a daughter, wife and a mother. But a cultured daughter, wife and mother show different duties to society. (UNESCO) The initial stage of a women hood is where she is some one's daughter. Its there a women develops the strength of character, tolerance unconditional love and culture. But as time passes she moves on, her out look changes but the inner qualities of a cultured women remains the same. That is why she can be called cultural in contrast of men whose images of super power, some one who not bend but will be willing to guide. (About, 2008) According to almost every culture a woman leaves her family and goes to her husband's place once she is married. A cultured woman follows this tradition. She will maintain a balance between the culture she came from and the culture she went into and will follow it. She will respect the values and norms of her in laws and will prove herself to be the best for adjusting in that family. (About, 2008) A woman'

Fund an exploration program for a Search for Life Term Paper

Fund an exploration program for a Search for Life - Term Paper Example ehab Inc., NASDAQ: ASTC) is an example of a small, publicly traded company involved in the business of space exploration, mission supplies, research and development of space exploration technologies. One of the greatest successes of supra-national cooperation in space exploration is the International Space Station (ISS), built and developed in coordination with advanced scientific teams from over 15 different nations. (NASA, 1998) In order to develop and plan for the search for life in our solar system, as well as to fund this search through private investment that is sustainable and profitable for shareholders over time, a private company should be formed that seeks to replicate the facilities, research, and success of the International Space Station in orbital locations across the solar system. The company should also engage in the production of â€Å"interplanetary gliders† powered by solar sails and ion drives that are able to travel through the low gravity environments be tween the planets. By establishing orbital communities around the other planets in our solar system, as well as the moons of these planets, the company can used already known and developed technologies to innovate and make the current plans more efficient, that human colonies can be established around the solar system to be dedicated to the search for life on other planets and moons. Due to the benefits of specialization and cooperation, the â€Å"heavy lifting† of escaping the Earth’s gravity system and transporting goods, people, and equipment into space via rocket or shuttle systems should be sub-contracted initially to other companies such as SpaceX, while the company under proposal, to be named initially the SpaceHub Investment Group (SIG), should specialize in building fully complete and replicable ISS-style space habitation units. In order to attain an advantage in research, intellectual property, press exposure, and experienced personnel for this venture, SIG should first attempt a

Activlives Charity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Activlives Charity - Essay Example Similarly, one of the ‘birthday’ events managed to raise a generous amount of donations. Additionally, the organization has partnered with websites such as â€Å"localgiving.com† which offer single and monthly donation options along with gift cards as low as  £15, the proceeds of which are used for activities such as lunches and singing of ActivLives’ members (Localgiving.com, n.d.). 2. Integration marketing communication analysis of ActivLives charity Usually charities use both B2B and B2C communications to collect donations from corporate sector and public respectively. Emotional marketing is used to get the sympathy of donors and the use of value propositions is largely ignored in this sector (IDM, n.d.). The company has partnered with popular personalities such as the former footballer Roger Osborne to promote its brand and collect funds. Events such as the first birthday of the Community Garden promoted the ActivSinging project of the company (Aallaboutipswich.com, n.d.). 3. Marketing segmentation of ActivLives charity ActivLives charity has segmented its market on the basis of geography as well as age. It targets people of Ipswich and Suffolk, particularly the older segment for which it claims to promote mental and physical fitness and an active live (ActivLives, 2013). The segmentation was done on the basis of careful analysis of demographics as the company claims that both the geographic locations are marked by â€Å"high urban deprivation† (ActivLives, 2013). Theory suggests that segments ought to be evaluated on the basis of their size, growth, profitability, competitors as well as business resources (Kotler, 2008). Hence, the segment seems significant enough to be targeted. Segment growth is also high as the U.K is witnessing an ageing population. The aspect of segment’s profitability remains questionable since ActivLives works as a charity and not a for-profit organization. 4. Social Media analysis ActivLives has a strong presence on the social media, particularly twitter and F acebook. However, it has yet to gain greater fan following and, at presents, touts only 127 fans on Facebook. Charities can either engage in fundraising, awareness raising and lobbying as far as their social media campaigns are concerned (CharityComms, 2013). Although ActivLives does not engage in lobbying, it has taken some steps towards fundraising by sharing ‘links’ of its external partner websites on Facebook. Also, it has promoted its â€Å"winter warmer kits† through viral marketing on facebook. However, it has yet to make use of more sophisticated tools such as â€Å"Twibbon† for gaining funds through social media. 5. Target markets The primary target market for ActivLives is â€Å"older adults† particularly those aged 45 years and above in the highly deprived area of Ipswich, for whom the company intends to offer an improved lifestyle including health and general fitness (Localgiving.com, n.d.). Social activities targeted at these individual s are aimed at fostering positive mental and physical fitness amongst these individuals by keeping them active. The secondary target market is people of all ages (not just older adults) for whom ActivLives attempts to offer work placements, educational and health support (ActivLives, 2013). 6. Brand Positioning Building a charity brand requires emphasis on the desire to bring a change to the lives of living things as well as the beliefs and values that accompany it. Clearly, the charities sector is quite competitive in the U.K with over 160,000 charities (Charity Commission, 2013). ActivLives lacks a pre-defined cause such as cancer

Women's Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Work - Essay Example For an example how cultured a Romanian woman is depends on her personality and her attitude. She does not want to stagnate in the boredom of daily life, but is always trying out new things, learning about new ideas and acquiring new information to augment her knowledge. (Halsall, 1998) A cultural woman will never forget who she really is. The three main roles a women plays in her whole life time is of a daughter, wife and a mother. But a cultured daughter, wife and mother show different duties to society. (UNESCO) The initial stage of a women hood is where she is some one's daughter. Its there a women develops the strength of character, tolerance unconditional love and culture. But as time passes she moves on, her out look changes but the inner qualities of a cultured women remains the same. That is why she can be called cultural in contrast of men whose images of super power, some one who not bend but will be willing to guide. (About, 2008) According to almost every culture a woman leaves her family and goes to her husband's place once she is married. A cultured woman follows this tradition. She will maintain a balance between the culture she came from and the culture she went into and will follow it. She will respect the values and norms of her in laws and will prove herself to be the best for adjusting in that family. (About, 2008) A woman'

Activlives Charity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Activlives Charity - Essay Example Similarly, one of the ‘birthday’ events managed to raise a generous amount of donations. Additionally, the organization has partnered with websites such as â€Å"localgiving.com† which offer single and monthly donation options along with gift cards as low as  £15, the proceeds of which are used for activities such as lunches and singing of ActivLives’ members (Localgiving.com, n.d.). 2. Integration marketing communication analysis of ActivLives charity Usually charities use both B2B and B2C communications to collect donations from corporate sector and public respectively. Emotional marketing is used to get the sympathy of donors and the use of value propositions is largely ignored in this sector (IDM, n.d.). The company has partnered with popular personalities such as the former footballer Roger Osborne to promote its brand and collect funds. Events such as the first birthday of the Community Garden promoted the ActivSinging project of the company (Aallaboutipswich.com, n.d.). 3. Marketing segmentation of ActivLives charity ActivLives charity has segmented its market on the basis of geography as well as age. It targets people of Ipswich and Suffolk, particularly the older segment for which it claims to promote mental and physical fitness and an active live (ActivLives, 2013). The segmentation was done on the basis of careful analysis of demographics as the company claims that both the geographic locations are marked by â€Å"high urban deprivation† (ActivLives, 2013). Theory suggests that segments ought to be evaluated on the basis of their size, growth, profitability, competitors as well as business resources (Kotler, 2008). Hence, the segment seems significant enough to be targeted. Segment growth is also high as the U.K is witnessing an ageing population. The aspect of segment’s profitability remains questionable since ActivLives works as a charity and not a for-profit organization. 4. Social Media analysis ActivLives has a strong presence on the social media, particularly twitter and F acebook. However, it has yet to gain greater fan following and, at presents, touts only 127 fans on Facebook. Charities can either engage in fundraising, awareness raising and lobbying as far as their social media campaigns are concerned (CharityComms, 2013). Although ActivLives does not engage in lobbying, it has taken some steps towards fundraising by sharing ‘links’ of its external partner websites on Facebook. Also, it has promoted its â€Å"winter warmer kits† through viral marketing on facebook. However, it has yet to make use of more sophisticated tools such as â€Å"Twibbon† for gaining funds through social media. 5. Target markets The primary target market for ActivLives is â€Å"older adults† particularly those aged 45 years and above in the highly deprived area of Ipswich, for whom the company intends to offer an improved lifestyle including health and general fitness (Localgiving.com, n.d.). Social activities targeted at these individual s are aimed at fostering positive mental and physical fitness amongst these individuals by keeping them active. The secondary target market is people of all ages (not just older adults) for whom ActivLives attempts to offer work placements, educational and health support (ActivLives, 2013). 6. Brand Positioning Building a charity brand requires emphasis on the desire to bring a change to the lives of living things as well as the beliefs and values that accompany it. Clearly, the charities sector is quite competitive in the U.K with over 160,000 charities (Charity Commission, 2013). ActivLives lacks a pre-defined cause such as cancer

Learning Natural Resources and Energy Essay Example for Free

Learning Natural Resources and Energy Essay A Paper on the Ecosystem and on the Biodiversity General Questions General General Questions Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper on natural resources and energy. Include the following:  · Choose a specific ecosystem, such as a forest, a grassland, or a marine or freshwater aquatic ecosystem.  · Identify and discuss the effects that a growing human population may have on that ecosystem’s resources, including loss or harm to populations of wild species.  · Discuss one management practice for sustainability and conservation of natural resources in that ecosystem.  · Identify the risks and benefits of extracting or using one type of nonrenewable and one type of renewable energy resource from that ecosystem, or in areas near that ecosystem. Include at least two outside references. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. You can have a ton of fun in college, but it also involves a lot of work. Stay focused on the end result: a diploma. There will be many roadblocks along the way, and how you choose to approach them is important. Use the tips you have seen here to make college work on your behalf. This pack of SCI 256 Week 3 Learning Natural Resources and Energy Paper  contains: A Paper on the Ecosystem and on the Biodiversity General Questions General General Questions Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper on natural resources and energy. Include the following:  · Choose a specific ecosystem, such as a forest, a grassland, or a marine or freshwater aquatic ecosystem.  · Identify and discuss the effects that a growing human population may have on that ecosystem’s resources, including loss or harm to populations of wild species.  · Discuss one management practice for To download this tutorial follow the link https://bitly.com/1oJKyIe You can have a ton of fun in college, but it also involves a lot of work. Stay focused on the end result: a diploma. There will be many roadblocks along the way, and how you choose to approach them is important. Use the tips you have seen here to make college work on your behalf. General Questions General General Questions Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper on natural resources and energy. Include the following:  · Choose a specific ecosystem, such as a forest, a grassland, or a marine or freshwater aquatic ecosystem.  · Identify and discuss the effects that a growing human population may have on that ecosystem’s resources, including loss or harm to populations of wild species.  · Discuss one management practice for sustainability and conservation of natural resources in that ecosystem.  · Identify the risks and benefits of extracting or using one type of nonrenewable and one type of renewable energy resource from that ecosystem, or in areas near that ecosystem. Include at least two outside references. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Challenges to Recruiting Teachers

Challenges to Recruiting Teachers Throughout regional South Australia, Australia and internationally the struggle of schools to attract and retain both talented and committed graduate teachers is becoming increasingly difficult. This is particularly apparent in an era where the demands of teaching and education are at unprecedented levels. In the United States, a similar situation is evident. Ingersoll (2012) found that the attrition rates of first-year teachers have increased by about one-third in the past two decades. Other studies more specific to Australia, have reported that the rate of new teachers leaving the profession at the end of their first year is as high as one in five (Baird et al. 2016). There is no question that the attrition rate of graduate teachers is concerning. In my present role in the senior leadership team of a country school in regional South Australia. It is pertinent for me to use my current context as a school leader, as well as my first experience as a graduate teacher as the basis for review on how the Tools for Thinking, more specifically Social Networks and Networked Communities are demonstrated and influential within a school environment. This report is undertaken with a view to magnify how the social networking opportunities and team dynamics that surround new graduate teachers can affect their experiences, as well as their realisation of a positive professional identity. There are a number of contributing factors recognised as providing the impetus for new teachers leaving the profession, including compensation, status and recognition (Rostock et al. 2014). However, increasing evidence through studies into beginning teacher induction including Alsup, 2006 and Britzman, 2003 in Rostock et al. (2014) demonstrate that a teachers ability to accomplish the difficult task of forming a workable professional identity in the midst of competing discourses about teaching is having significant impact on this rate of attrition. It is a common assessment of educational research that new graduate teachers often experience the impact and weight of responsibility in the realisation and workload of their teaching duties (Flores Day 2006). Many new teachers recognise certain disconnections between the expectations theyre set and the actuality of the classroom. Flores; Huberman; Veenman in (Flores Day 2006) mention feelings of isolation and a continual struggle with an absence of clear support, encouragement and guidance. In most instances it is evident that the success of beginning teachers can be directly related to their social network, the culture of the school setting and consequently the graduate teachers fulfillment and development of a positive professional identity. It is important to reflect on the connection between social networks and identity specifically their significance to a graduate teachers development. Spencer- Oatey in (Merchant 2012) explains: Identity helps people locate themselves in social worlds. By helping to define where they belong and where they do not belong in relation to others, it helps to anchor them in their social worlds, giving them a sense of place. Following on, a simple definition of a social network could be explained as the communal links between Actors (Vera Schupp 2006). Knoke and Yang (2008) define Actors as individual persons, or a collective, such as a group or formal organization. Social networks impact on perceptions, beliefs, and actions through a variety of structural mechanisms that are socially constructed by the relations among entities (Knoke Yang 2008). Therefore, as Vera and Schupp (2006) suggest the capacities of an individual to act in society, and the implications of that action, (in this case: specifically a teacher in a school environment) depend not only on his/her attributes but also on the pattern of relations within which he/she is located. It is with the concept of social network analysis that I seek to undertake an investigation into the social network characteristics of my current context in a role of educational leadership, as well as analysing the difficulties and struggles of identity and adapting to the school context, of which I experienced as a graduate teacher. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is founded upon the derivation of a mutual relationship between the individual and society, with the intent of explaining the collective properties that are defined by relational patterns and the similarities or differences between those patterns Haines (1988) in Vera and Schupp (2006). As Merchant (2012) explains Social network analysis helps us to map the relationship between the individual and the larger social systems in which he or she participates. As a result, the relationships themselves have become the unit of analysis (Merchant 2012). The type of network representation that will be used for analysis between my graduate context and my current leadership context will be an egocentric (Knoke Yang 2008) intentional professional network (Baker-Doyle 2011). Knoke and Yang (2008) describe an egocentric network as one comprised of one actor, the ego, and all other actors, the alters, with whom all the ego has direct relations. Each ego actor can, in turn, be described by the number, intensity, and other characteristics of its linkages with its set of alters, for example, the proportion of reciprocated relations or the density of ties among its alters. (Knoke Yang 2008) An intentional professional network is formed around collective professional relationships, usually based within the local environment (school) and reflects the network of people that teachers select to collaborate and interact with (Baker-Doyle 2011). Graduate Teacher Analysis In Figure 1, I have a visual representation of my egocentric intentional professional network and diverse professional allies as a graduate teacher. I am passionate about teaching in rural communities so I was very excited when I received an appointment to a high school in the Mid North of South Australia. My specialisation was in Design and Technologies and I was appointed to support the existing Practical Technology teacher. When the school finalised my timetable I was placed with a difficult proposition of having to teach a higher load than normally allocated to a new teacher and secondary science. Secondary science was outside my area of specialisation, as can often be the case in teaching at a secondary rural school. However, my concern with science was that it was something I had last studied in Year 10 in high school, and now I was required to teach it at a senior level. I expressed my concern, but was assured support would be in place. In Figure 1, the strength of the relationships are demonstrated by the arrows linking myself to the alters (all other actors). The rectangle boxes demonstrate those professionals with whom I worked on a daily basis. In the first year or two of teaching, these relationships are pivotal to ensure teachers are able to manage the workload. Unfortunately, as is clearly demonstrated by the strength of the arrows, the strength of my relationship and support structures from those whom I needed it most, were sadly absent. More specifically the Science Coordinator, and the Technologies Coordinator, did not want to provide any form of support, induction or resources to a new teacher. This was particularly concerning due to my responsibilities in teaching science an area in which I was not confident. It was at this point in time when the feelings of isolation (Flores Day 2006) began. Without realising at this time, my small intentional professional network as a graduate certainly affected the development and confidence of my professional identity. Whilst I found teaching science, and working with the coordinator, an immense struggle, I was extremely fortunate to have a fellow technologies teacher who was incredibly supportive (The relational link in Figure 1 is strong). He assisted me in managing the technologies and daily administration portion of my teaching requirements successfully. To this day, and upon reflection, I am still incredibly grateful for his support and of the mentoring role he provided. I would certainly not have continued or been present in the teaching profession without his input or the influence of the students. Whilst some of the important relationships on the school site were incredibly difficult, I was also fortunate to have access to some Diverse Professional Allies. Baker-Doyle (2011) describes Diverse Professional Allies as nontraditional support providers who are not usually considered professionals, such as parents, volunteers, or students. Diverse Professional Allies are invested in the professional growth of the teachers (Baker-Doyle 2011). The Diverse Professional Allies are represented in Figure 1 through the hexagonal shapes. A regional group of Technologies educators and my fellow university graduates were recognised as one type of Diverse Professional Ally. Each of these groups were able to provide me with insights from across the state and encouragement to continue as well as the challenge and support to drive improvement in my existing professional practice. The most significant Diverse Professional Allies that I was fortunate to have in my social network were the students. The students, amongst all of the difficulties with staff, made it all make sense. Their personalities, enthusiasm and individual perspectives made the time in class worthwhile. They were the incentive to keep going, to go out and research more about science, to continually improve my delivery. Baker-Doyle (2011) explains Diverse Professional Alliesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ help teachers challenge the traditional norms of the school or teaching and break out notions about curriculum or practice that limited the teachers personal involvement in the curriculum (Baker-Doyle 2011). This was certainly the case for the students in my network. Figure 1 Matt Linns Graduate egocentric Intentional Professional Network and Diverse Professional Allies Senior Leader Analysis 8 years on, my current context is also represented in an egocentric intentional professional network as demonstrated in Figure 2. Throughout the time since I was a graduate teacher, my intentional professional network has changed considerably. The development of my confidence and responsibilities over time have impacted on the size of my social network in a professional environment. My teaching role changed from its traditional sense approximately 4 years ago when I took on a position of directing information technology (IT). The role of IT in schools has dramatically challenged the landscape and traditional structure that schools have often used. Core school operational management systems were now all being run through IT. The whole school required IT support and knowledge to manage the abrupt changes that were taking place. Many traditional school operations were required on systems never previously used. Almost overnight, my role in IT became one supporting an entire Mid North Partnership. Whilst this was a significant responsibility, the effect this change had on my social networks particularly my intentional professional network, was transformational. This was a turning point for me as it clearly demonstrated the power and importance of having effective, but also diverse social networks. Following on, it has been possible for me to focus on building strong intentional professional networks and appreciate the support as well as realising the vital importance of effective social networks for the teaching profession. The sum of the relational links in Figure 2, are much stronger and dependable in my current context. The change in responsibilities including different forms of line-management, as well as working in senior leadership have meant that type of relations I now hold have altered considerably. Rather than only having the capacity to work with one or two key people within my intentional professional network, I have the opportunity of working very closely, with purpose, alongside a number of people throughout the week. The opportunity to relate to a number of people cannot be understated when reflecting on the significance of social networks, graduate support and the development of a positive professional identity. It is also important to note how the development of confidence and professional experience that is gained over time certainly has a significant effect in social network development. Knoke and Yang (2008) explain the dynamic nature of relations: structural relations should be viewed as dynamic processes. This principle recognizes that networks are not static structures, but are continually changing through interactions among their constituent people, groups, or organizations (Knoke Yang 2008). In my current context as a senior leader (Figure 2) I am now able work with a team across the school to reflect on our own school context how our social networks can effect a graduate teachers development. A significant focus on building a positive school culture have meant that the focus is now centred on support, induction and mentoring. Reinforcing the importance of culture on networks and professional identity, Flores and Day (2006) in their research found that perceptions of school culture and leadership impacted upon the ways in which new teachers learned and their identity developed over time. Thus, moving forward, the focus for schools and teacher education, must be in bolstering the importance of effective professional support networks for all staff. Whilst the focus of this report has been centred on new graduate teachers, the impact of networks on the establishment and development of a positive professional identity for all teachers cannot be understated. Induction programs, mentors and a supportive culture are an implicit responsibility of all schools. We all have a mutual responsibility for ensuring that new teachers have and are able to sustain and put into practice a set of values which represent aspirations for a passion for high quality teaching and learning (Flores Day 2006). Positive social networks are a paramount in ensuring new teachers are supported for long term engagement in the teaching profession. Figure 2. Matt Linns Senior Leader Intentional Professional Network and Diverse Professional Allies. Reference List Baird, J, Stroud, G, Goss, P Clark, L 2016, The Drum Friday September 16: The figures are somewhat better in five Australian teachers leaving the profession early, ABC. Baker-Doyle, KJ 2011, Looking at networks: network types and the networking practices of new teachers, The networked teacher : how new teachers build social networks for professional support, Teachers College Press, New York, pp. 18-32. Flores, MA Day, C 2006, Contexts which shape and reshape new teachers identities: A multi-perspective study, Teaching and Teacher Education, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 219-232. Ingersoll, RM 2012, Beginning Teacher Induction What the Data Tell Us, Phi Delta Kappan Magazine, vol. 93, no. 8, pp. 47-51. Knoke, D Yang, S 2008, Network fundamentals, Social network analysis, no. 2, pp. 4-14. Merchant, G 2012, Unravelling the social network: theory and research, Learning, Media and Technology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 4-19. Rostock, R, Yoon, S, Remillard, J Wood, D 2014, Developing a workable teacher identity: Building and negotiating identity within a professional network, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, University of Pennsylvania. Vera, ER Schupp, T 2006, Network analysis in comparative social sciences, Comparative Education, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 405-429.

Why University of Florida is better than University of Central Florida :: UF UCF College University Comparison Essays

UF vs. UCF: Reasons why UF is Superior Reason 1: National Rankings UF: 19 UCF: Unranked UF ranked in the top tier for Best Colleges 2004. UCF is the in last tier. UF is ranked 19th among public universities in the nation and is approaching the Top 10 Public Universities list. UCF did not even make the list. UF is ranked 48st in the nation among all universities. UCF is ranked somewhere between 188 and 250. There, that settles it; UF is better. Doesn't this make any other reason pointless? Source: US News College Ranking Index Reason 2:Individual Program Rankings (Note: US News discontinued the free access to College Rankings based on colleges so I am forced to use old data or else I would be infringing on their rights) Program UF (2003) UCF (2003) Business Education Engineering Law Medicine 43rd in Nation 29th in Nation 29th in Nation 45th in Nation 44th in Nation All Unranked A Closer Look at Business and Engineering UCF Office of Admissions UF Academics 2002 UF Business Programs and Departments Business program rank: 23 Accounting: 10 Finance rank: 16 General management rank: 19 Marketing rank: 8 UCF Academics 2002 UCF Business Programs and Departments Business program rank: 128 (in 2001 only). Currently Unranked. UF Engineering Programs and Departments (with Ph.D. Programs) Engineering program rank: 32 Aerospace Engineering rank (2002: 11) Environmental Engineering rank: 13 Industrial Engineering rank: 16 Materials Engineering rank: 9 Nuclear Engineering rank: (2001: 6) Currently 9 UCF Engineering Programs and Departments (with Ph.D. Programs) Engineering program rank: Unranked. (Odd, wasn't UCF supposed to be a technical school?) At a recent career fair, I was able to talk to a Lockheed Martin representative. Lockheed Martin chooses the University of Florida as it's primary recruiting target for engineering. The next university is Georgia Tech. I cannot imagine why someone would chose UCF over UF or Georgia Tech in engineering. Note: On my friend's site, he implies UCF is better then Georgia Tech in engineering. lol. Reason 3: Athletics Multiple Images of Current UF Stadium Construction Inside Ben Hill Griffin Stadium's Skybox Lobby. There is no better place than 'The Swamp'! That opening on the big screen with the alligator, it's the best ever. When the Gators run out of the tunnel, it is absolutely the moment of moments in college football." - Lee Corso, ESPN College Football Analyst, FSU Graduate I think it is a well known fact that to compare any of UF's athletics to UCF's is pointless, considering UF is an athletic powerhouse, but I'll do it anyway.

Pat Buchanan Speaks Out :: essays research papers

Thursday night the Phillips Center for Performing Arts hosted a very special guest appearance by the Reforms Party presidential candidate Pat Buchanan. In the year of presidential elections the two popular candidates George Bush and Al Gore really don’t lash out on each other, which makes this years debates boring and long. Pat Buchanan is refreshing to the sense he doesn’t care what he says about the other candidates. Pat Buchanan’s history includes serving as an assistant to Richard Nixon, and also to Ronald Regan. An accomplished journalist in his younger career, Pat Buchanan wrote speeches for the Reykjavik summit with Mikhail Gorbachev, and Richard Nixon’s popular speech to the opening of China in 1972. A solid Republican through many years in the White House Pat Buchanan saw a growing problem and decided to do something about it. Buchanan says, † The other parties do not realize the problems in America, we are loosing our country and what we stand for†. Buchanan wasted no time on stage knocking both Gore and Bush, because they are failing to talk about real problems in the United States. â€Å"These guys stand up here and are scared to death to step on each other toes and tell the Gods honest truth†. Buchanan feels that he left the Republican Party because they will not fight for American rights. Buchanan really focused his ideas with building America back to the nation our founding fathers wanted. He pointed out the problem with America’s heritage taking Washington’s day and changing it to President’s day. Buchanan explained, â€Å"When did we stop celebrating our first President of United States, and start celebrating Presidents such as Bill Clinton†. He also argued the problem of changing Christmas break to Winter break, and Easter break into Spring break. What’s more surprising is his views on why America is changing and what he will do to change America back to the land of liberty. Buchanan blames the change in United to States to the problem with immigration. â€Å"With too much immigration we are loosing communication with each other, we should teach all new immigrants English and emphasize American history first and foremost’. Buchanan feels that, â€Å"English is what as Americans brings us together, so everyone who lives i n America should know English†. Buchanan also offered a strict policy on immigration on his new plan. Under Buchanan’s new plan he will cut foreign aid and also pull troops out of Europe and the Middle East.

Zaara Fashion House – New Year Promotional Campaign

Fashions is an exclusive fashion retail store of Bangladesh. It retails women, men, and kids fashionable apparels. Located in a prime zone of Goulash-l in Dacha, it gives customers freedom of choice regardless of their age, location, taste, season, and fashion persona. Established and inaugurated in August 2009, the retail store KARA Fashions has successfully placed itself among the most celebrated and recognized retail stores of the country. The store produces an exclusive array of products and outfits.Most of these are designed and manufactured in house, while he rest are exclusively commissioned from the most talented craftsmen and weavers around the world. Its unique design and features symbolize aristocracy, and target the most elite customers of the country. Thus, KARA Fashions compliments a trendy lifestyle, and always ranks itself one step ahead with the latest styles and designs. Product Offerings KARA Fashions offers different ethnic and aristocratic products to their high end customers. They usually focus on the classy, gorgeous and ethnic products which will quench the aristocratic thirst of their potential customers.The main products that KARA Fashion offer are- Scares, Salsas Kamikaze, Sherwin, Suit, Shirt, Men's accessories, Kids Wear, Jewelry, Cosmetics, Ladies Footwear, Ladies Bag etc. 2. Mission The mission of Kara Fashions Ltd. Is to provide their customers with exclusive products in order to compliment a trendy lifestyle. Thus they refer it as ‘A House of Exclusive Fashions. ‘ 3. Vision Kara Fashions Ltd aims to practice relationship marketing which involves creating, maintaining, and enhancing long-term relationship with their each and every customer. Thus, they believe to stay always one step ahead with the latest styles and designs. . Situation Analysis Today's market is characterized by highly competitive organizations which are all vying for consumer's loyalty. Firms are faced with the challenge to maintain their own competi tive edge to be able to survive and be successful. Strategies are carefully planned and executed to gain the ultimate goal of all: company growth. However, external factors are not the only elements which influence growth. There are also internal factors, components working within the organization which shape the direction of the company. The company's marketing environment influences the business organization directly.This includes the suppliers that deal directly or indirectly to the people within the business organization, the consumers and customers who demand for the products or services offered by the company, and other local stakeholders who influence the decision-making process or affected by the business decisions made by the business firm. As such, the marketing environment of a particular company describes the relationship between firms and the driving forces that control this relationship who are members of a specific industry wherein the relationship is local and the fi rm may exercise a degree of influence.The situation analysis of KARA Fashion House is described according to two types of environment in exists in- 1. Micro Environment 2. SOOT 3. Macro Environment Situational Analysis Figure 1. 1 The Micro Environment The term micro-environment denotes those elements over which the marketing firm has control or which it can use in order to gain information that will better help it in its marketing operations. In other words, these are elements that can be manipulated, or used to glean information, in order to provide fuller satisfaction to the company's customers.This is accomplished through the manipulation of the variables over which a company has control in such a way as to optimize this objective. 1. 1. 1 The Four As' and the marketing mix The Four As' stands for: 1. Product 2. Price 3. Place 4. Promotion Product- is the market offering. The products KARA offers are exclusive scares, salsas zamia, branded cosmetics, Jewelry, suits, hand bags, s hoes, kids wear and much more. All the products offered are of very high quality. Every product is carefully checked before putting into display.Price- in this context price refers to each KARA product costs. Prices of these reduces are set on the basis of product quality, brands as well as market competitiveness. Place- the location of KARA Fashion House is a great advantage of it. Goulash is one of the most prime and posh area of Bangladesh. So KARA stands in very close distance of the target market. Promotion- the promotion and campaigns would following parts. 1. 1. Employee be describe De elaborately in the KARA Fashion has a very strong line of efficient employees.They are highly dedicated towards works. For better Job involvement and Job satisfaction KARA pays them with a scale higher than the regular salary scale. Moreover, compensations, bonuses, health insurance, performance appraisals are also given in expectation of higher motivation. KARA has around 50 employees working in it. In maintains a great mix of both full time and part time workers whereas 20 are full timers and the rest are part timers. But regardless of everything else KARA ensures they are equally well behaved and helpful towards all the customers.So in a sense, these highly efficient bunches of employees are the greatest resources of KARA Fashion House. 1. 1. 3 Supplier This consists of other business firms or individuals who provide the marketing firm tit raw materials, product constituents, services or, in the case of retailing firms, possibly the finished goods themselves. The buyer/supplier relationship is one of mutual economic interdependence, both parties relying on the other for their commercial well-being.Although both parties are seeking stability and security from their relationship, factors in the supplier environment are subject to change.

Jail and Prison Comparison Paper Essay

Jail is usually the first place a person is taken after being arrested by police officers. The authority of states to build, operate, and fill jails can be found in the Tenth Amendment, which has been construed to grant to states the power to pass their own laws to preserve the safety, health, and welfare of their communities. Jail is to protect the public and citizens of county by providing a wide range of constructive, professional correctional services for pre-trial and convicted detainees. Jail is also ensure the safety and welfare of staff, visitors, and offenders by operating facilities and programs in a secure, humane environment which meets professional and standards and constitutional requirements. It reduces the rate to reincarceration by providing offenders with the opportunity for self improvement and the inner resources necessary to make a successful adjustment within the community. An act of 1790 brought about sweeping reforms in the prison and authorized a penitentiary house with 16 cells to be built in the yard of the jail to carry out solitary confinement with labor for â€Å"hardened atrocious offenders. Jails are run by the county of a state and serve as locally-operated holding places, usually for brief periods of incarceration or as a detention place before and during trial and other legal matters. For example, someone convicted of a misdemeanor crime would be jail. In addition, the sentence must be less than a year. Jails are especially for someone b eing held in custody for trail, or they couldn’t afford bail, or they were just arrested will be held in the county jail, not prison. As such, jails are impermanent county residences, and lack many of the amenities and programs that the large prisons have. Jails are usually run by the sheriff or the local government. According to the Department of Justice, there are approximately 3,600 jails in the United States. On the hand, prisons are federal or state-run. Prisons are generally much bigger and much more high-security levels. Inmates convicted of federal felonies usually go to federal prison, and those convicted of state felonies go to state prison. Prisons often have very elaborate education and vocational training programs, halfway house service, work-release programs, and recreational and entertainment facilities. The original history of the federal prison system started back in the 1890s but it was not until 1930 that president Hoover signed a bill establishing a federal prison system that would actually start the building of actual federal facilities. The federal system had been relying on the state and local levels of government to house their prisoners. The Federal Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice and charged with the â€Å"management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions. † This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 Federal prisons in operation at the time. As time has passed and laws have changed, the Bureau’s responsibilities have grown, as has the prison population. At the end of 1930, the agency operated 14 facilities for just over 13,000 inmates. By 1940, the Bureau had grown to 24 facilities with 24,360 inmates. Except for a few fluctuations, the number of inmates did not change significantly between 1940 and 1980, when the population was 24,252, according to Federal Bureau of Prison. However, the number of facilities almost doubled from 24 to 44 as the Bureau gradually moved from operating large facilities confining inmates of many security levels to operating smaller facilities that each confined inmates with similar security needs. The federal prison incarcerated for longer time and associated with White Collar criminals. Some of the crimes that fall under federal crimes are drug dealer, political person, false insurance, bank robbery, and many more. On the other hand, the state prison system has been in existence since the early 1800s with the building of Sing Sing state prison. Sing Sing state prison is one of the oldest state penitentiaries in existence today and is still in use. The state prisons also refer to blue collar criminals. The state prison system is devised of a network of small prisons that hold most of the United States prison populations. Since the beginning of penitentiaries in each state growth has been a rising issue. Many states have to provide millions of dollars to their prison systems. Those who commit state or break the state roles, they will automatically be sent to state prison and wait for federal if there is any. Some crimes that can be incarcerated within a state prison such as habitual offender, sex offender, drug user , and other violent crime offender. In the State Prison, there are five security level have been established for correctional facilities and inmates are low security, medium security, high security, and maximum security. Inmates have been conditionally released into the community but remain under the supervision of the Department of Corrections. Low security includes Work Farms, Boot Camps, Forestry Camps, etc. Basically these are either first time low-risk offenders or inmates who have worked themselves up in the system and are possibly on their way out of prison. Being considered low risk, affords the inmate to better living conditions and a few more freedoms. They have earned the trust of the institution. This is why we believe it’s imperative to tell your family member to steer clear of any trouble during their incarceration. Minimum security categorize for inmates coming up in their time or those inmates that have committed a less severe crime. This level of inmate can be trusted and is usually designated as a form of trustee or in a trusted work detail. Medium security, 3 inmates are typical of any placement for someone headed to prison. You must earn the trust from the staff at all levels to work your way up. This level of inmate has some rights and freedoms, but not many. Finally, maximum security is typically in lockdown most of their time and are usually the more violent or feared members of the population. To be housed at this level the inmate must have performed an extremely violent crime. There are basically no freedoms unless the Max inmate is housed with other max inmates, and they are only allowed out for one hour per day. This is not always the case with every prison, jail or detention facility. Some offer multiple programs and allow limited movement, classes, details and freedom for all inmates. According to the Department of Justice, there are minimum security, low security, medium security, and high security in the Federal Prison system. Minimum security institution is also known as Federal Prison Camps have dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing. These institutions are work- and program-oriented; and many are located adjacent to larger institutions or on military bases, where inmates help serve the labor needs of the larger institution or base. Low ecurity Federal Correctional Institutions have double-fenced perimeters, mostly dormitory or cubicle housing, and strong work and program components. The staff-to-inmate ratio in these institutions is higher than in minimum security facilities. Medium security have strengthened perimeters (often double fences with electronic detection systems), mostly cell-type housing, a wide variety of work and treatment programs, an even higher staff-to-inmate ratio than low security FC Is, and even greater internal controls. Finally, High security institutions know as United States Penitentiaries have highly secured perimeters (featuring walls or reinforced fences), multiple- and single-occupant cell housing, the highest staff-to-inmate ratio, and close control of inmate movement. Some of the factors influencing the growth in jail are drug offenders sex offenders, violent offenders, increase in time served women offenders. The corrections system does four fundamental things. The first three, basic life care for offenders, risk identification and risk management, cover the bases of managing offenders. However, only risk reduction â€Å"hits a home run† to significantly affect offender outcomes and community safety. According to the National Institute of Corrections, appropriate treatment reduces recidivism by 30%. In recent years community-based corrections has been trained in and begun implementing evidence-based practices. In recent years community-based corrections has been trained in and begun implementing evidence-based practices.